Операции по работе с HDD нужно делать от лица root.
Разделы HDD
sudofdisk -l # посмотреть все HDD на станции
sudofdisk /dev/sdb # редактировать новый HDD, обозначенный как sdb.
Основные команды Fdisk:
m - вывести список команд
p - вывести параметры HDD (проверить HDD).
Linux Partition type= 83.
Разметка файловой системы
sudomkswap /dev/sdb2 # разметить раздел как swap
sudo swapon /dev/sdb2 # активировать swap
swapon -s # list swap partitions
sudo mkfs -t ext2 /dev/sdb1 # make file system of type in sdb1
sudo mkfs -t ext3 /dev/sdb1 # make journaling file system
sudo mkfs -t xfs /dev/sdb1 -f # make (force) XFS file system
sudo mkfs -t reiserfs /dev/sdb1 # make reiserFS file system
To make a Windows file system (vFAT), ID should be changed from 83 to 32 type partition.
sudo mkfs -t vfat /dev/sdb1 # make MSDOS/WIN file system
File system integrity
df -h # Check free space, show result in megabytes/gigs
Inodes
Inodes show the number of filenames available for creation.
df -i # show the Inodes
Inodes take up space on the disk + a journal disk.
Disk usage
du -h # usage of space on disk by folders
du -h --summarize /home/* # show used space in Home folder, going only 1 level
File integrity checking
fsck /dev/sda1 # integrity check tool. It detects the file system & loads appropriate checker (e2fsck)
fsck -t ext3 /dev/sda1 # manually force to check with EXT3-checker
e2fsck should not be run on a mounted file system.
sudo umount /mnt/drive2 # unmount drive
Repairing simple problems
EXT2: debugfs
sudo debugfs -w /dev/sdb1 # -w = write flag
Debugfs prompt:
debugfs: lsdel # list deleted files
debugfs: undel <11> doc.txt # <inode number>, doc.txt - filename
EXT2/3 file systems tools: dumpe2fs
sudo dumpe2fs /dev/sdb1 > output.txt # gives lots of info on entire HDD
sudo tune2fs - внесение изменений в настройки.
Mounting File Systems
sudo mount -t ext3 /dev/sdb1 /mnt/hard_drive # присоединить HDD к папке
mount # показать список присоединенных устройств
sudo umount /mnt/hard_drive
либо
sudoumount /mnt/sdb1 # необходимо выйти из папки, освободив ее для отсоединения
Automount config
sudo vi /etc/fstab # automount config file
3 types of device mount types:
- By UUID=
- By label
- By actual block device /dev/sdb1
<mount point> - where we want device to be mounted (folder)
<type> - type of files system
<dump> - boolean (0 or 1), if =1, it autosaves files on shutdown
<pass> - order in which file systems are scanned (root partition has pass=1, local file systems=2, cdrom drives and removable devices=0)
Removable media is mounted in /media/ folder. "Old school" way of old Linux OS - /mnt/ folder.
<options>:
- rw = read+write
- user = any user (not just root) can mount/umount this
- auto = automount on bootup
- noexec = nobody can run a binary software from this mount